Research a hospitality facility development or refurbishment of your Paper

An accommodation office improvement or renovation of your decision - Research Paper Example The standard â€Å"The Character of London† was effectively maintained through the hotel’s different repair endeavors to ooze the extravagance for the 21st Century. Inn Savoy’s heritage of being the primary lavish inn in London was safeguarded with the remodels and arrangement of changes they made to make the foundation all the more satisfying to the customer’s taste and as per natural patterns. Lodging Savoy History everything began with a real estate parcel given by King Henry II to Count Peter II of Savoy. There, Peter II manufactured the Savoy Palace. The structure experienced a few annihilations particularly that it was worked when Britain was at genuine political struggle. After hardly any centennials, a venue in a similar spot was worked by Richard D'Oyly. D'Oyly, a consistent voyager, was motivated with the lodging he had found in the United States, and this enlivened him to change the venue into London's first lavish inn, the Hotel Savoy (Peck, 20 10). Since the time Hotel Savoy turned out to be something other than the owner’s idea, it has been getting a charge out of a VIP like status, much the same as their visitors. Being the main lodging in London to offer power administrations and lift (at that point called as ‘ascending rooms’), the achievement became exciting that the most well known individuals in different fields never neglect to drop in Hotel Savoy at whatever point they visit London. Eminent figures who became visit guests of Hotel Savoy incorporate Katherine Hepburn, Oscar Wilde, Coco Chanel, Bob Dylan, Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Charles, The Beatles, Elizabeth Taylor, and some more (Savoy, n.d.). A-rundown clients, for example, the previously mentioned made the inn incredible. Through the quick paced changes, something worth being thankful for about the hotel’s the board framework is that it organizes consumer loyalty. In doing this, inn staff and hoteliers were prepared broadly to mee t the segregating clients. From barkeeps to managerial staff, ability can be watched. Last 2007, the lodging was shut incidentally for a broad update and was revived a year ago, complete with new highlights and progressively lavish administrations (Anon., 2010). The Hotel’s Refurbishment After in excess of a centennial of lavish lodging administration, Savoy’s proprietors chose to close it briefly for restoration to take the inn to another degree of tastefulness. In a report by Stinson (2007), proprietors of the lodging uncovered that they intend to sell not many of the things possessed by the inn, for example, the great piano which Frank Sinatra once played when he was welcomed by the inn a few years back, and the tiles of the assembly hall which Hollywood star Marilyn Monroe and Her Royal Highness Queen Elizabeth II moved on when they visited the spot. The beginning costs of sold things started with in excess of 200 pounds to as high as 1000 pounds or more. In any ca se, hoteliers guaranteed that the hotel’s trademarks, for example, the figure of Kaspar the Cat and everything found in the American bar won't be offered to safeguard the antique feel of the foundation (Stinson, 2007). Clients who are visit in the lodging are not exactly secure with the progressions the administration had chosen on the grounds that there may be a great deal missing in the inn and they may lose wistfulness of their past visits; in any case, the inn heads were guaranteeing the clients that Savoy will even now be unmistakable. The Edwardian highlights and Art Deco style of the inn would be kept up and created. Money related experts didn't accept that the hotel’s timing in renovating the property is acceptable, considering

There are many different plants and vegetation in Essays - Biology

There are a wide range of plants and vegetation in tropical rainforests. These plants can change from trees you get your food from to therapeutic leaves and to even noxious plants. Rainforests have a great deal of biodiversity. Biodiversity is the term for when a specific living space has an assortment plants and creatures. Be that as it may, in a savannah tropic, they don't have as much biodiversity. In a tropical rainforest, similar to the Amazon Rainforest, they have trees like the cocoa tree, banana tree, and even mango trees. Cocoa trees can be utilized to do treat migraines, hacks, and even consumes. Cocoa trees are likewise used to make chocolate. Different trees like the Clavillia or the Trumpet tree are client for in treating contaminations or bacterial ailments. The rainforest additionally has a huge number of beautiful blossoms that creepy crawlies like to eat from. Different plants like the Venus Fly Trap or the pitcher plant exploit this. They mask themselves and afterward trap the bugs that land on them to eat. The rainforest can propensity these various plants due to how warm and wet it gets. It's the place they can have a steady progression of vitality and food. A tropical savannah is a meadow dispersed with bushes and disengaged trees. They are found in the middle of deserts and rainforests, as in East Africa. In the mid year there is a great deal of downpour in a savannah. Be that as it may, insufficient downpour falls on a savannah to help woodlands.

The One-Page Resume vs. the Two-Page Resume

The One-Page Resume vs. the Two-Page Resume Resumes and rules seem to go hand-in-hand. No matter where you look, you’ll notice different rules and guidelines you must follow. While there’s plenty of truth to some of them, the most peculiar and hotly contested topic in recent years has been the length of the resume.Does length really matter? There are those who vouch for the one-page resume and who argue that you should never-ever go beyond the first page. Then there are those who believe that you can’t write a proper resume without two pages.So, who is right? In this post, we’ll examine the arguments for both of these viewpoints before taking a proper look at what the real length of a resume should be. Finally, we’ll quickly explore whether all resume rules are worth breaking. THE CASE FOR THE ONE-PAGE RESUMELet’s first tackle the case for the one-page resume. There are two key factors speaking for the one-page resume and those reasons are:Its shortIts conciseWhat does this mean? Well, a one-page resume is just a single page long and this means it’s quick to read. Hiring managers don’t generally want to spend an eternity on a single resume since they have quite a few to go through â€" in fact, one study suggests they only spend six seconds on it. Therefore, with a single page resume, you can catch their attention and keep it for the whole duration of the resume. You won’t burden or (hopefully!) bore the hiring manager.Since you also won’t have more than a single page to work with, you need to be concise. You can’t blabber on about your achievements or list all of your hobbies. You need to take a critical look at the information you include in your resume, which ultimately forces you to think more about what the hiring managers are looking for. A one-page resume is a great tool for truly researching the job description and figuring out what skills and qualifications are relevant for the role.Who should use a one-page resume?The first page resume is good if you do not have a long work history. You might be a recent graduate or a student. You may be looking for your next job after holding one to two roles. It could even work for you if you are exchanging career paths completely.It might be better to focus on the transferable skills rather than listing the jobs, you’ve previously held and therefore, a single page might be enough for you. It’s really down to the relevancy of those positions you’ve had and the new role you are looking for.THE CASE FOR THE TWO-PAGE RESUMENow, what about the two-page resume? Plenty of hiring managers say you shouldn’t stick to a single page resume. So, it’s worth considering what the benefits of a two-page resume are. Again, there are two core advantages to a two-page resume:Its detaile dIt highlights your technical abilityNaturally, another page will provide you with more space to write down your achievements. You’re not constricted by the shortness of the page and you can, therefore, get into the more detail about what you’ve done, what your skills are and what you’ve achieved. You don’t have to cut your skills and qualifications to just the top priority (although you shouldn’t ever include irrelevant information).Therefore, the two-page resume is considered better for highlighting your technical ability. If you have done a lot of writing as part of your studies or previous jobs or you’ve been part of technically challenging roles, you want to detail these as closely as possible with your resume and therefore, two pages might be needed.Grant Cooper of Strategic Resumes writes in Resume Critique Writing:“The resume has now taken the place of the initial interview, and only those with significant qualifications and strong resumes are even invited to i nterview. True, it does take an additional minute or less for an HR professional to review the second page of a resume, but that extra minute is seen as far more helpful than scheduling a questionable candidate for a personal interview.”So, what kind of candidate benefits the most from a two-page resume?The two-page format is perfect for candidates with a long history in the workforce and therefore, who have plenty of achievements and experience. It’s generally used by higher-level applicants (managerial, executive and so on) and can fit well for anyone with an academic background. If you’ve written a host of relevant essays that have been published in respected journals, you want to take the space to mention them, for instance.SO, WHICH ONE TO PICK?As you can see, there are plenty of advantages to both resume lengths. Neither option is an outright winner, no matter what people might tell you. The winner of the debate really depends on the circumstances â€" more specifically, your particular circumstances.If you need a length rule, then here it is: the right length depends almost entirely on your job history.Consider these common scenarios and use them as a guide when determining the length of your resume.The one-page or the two-page resume? Which one to pick?Example AExample BYou are a recent graduate and you don’t have much job experience aside from a few summer jobs and perhaps an internship. In essence, you are looking for your first proper job.You’ve been in the job world for around a decade and you have performed in a number of roles, achieving a variety of accolades in those roles.You would pick the one-page job resume. You don’t have a lot of experience, skills or qualifications to mention and you can fit the most important information on a single page.You would pick the two-page resume to ensure you get to mention all the relevant achievements and qualifications in more detail.Example CExample DYou are looking for your second or third job role. While you have been working for a while, you still haven’t gained a lot of experience in terms of job titles and achievements.You work in an academic or technical field that requires plenty of detailed skills. You are looking for a new role in the academia or in a technical role.You would pick the one-page resume because it will be enough to tailor the resume to align your skills and qualifications with the job description. You would pick the two-page resume to ensure you get enough technical details into your resume. Of course, you simply need to look at your job history and the job description to get an idea on how long your resume should be. It doesn’t always mean that even if you’ve had 10 jobs, that all those should be mentioned. For example, if five of those are summer jobs, then you might want to skip them and focus on the other roles. The above are just examples and you always need to consider your own qualifications and experience as well as the job requirements .Therefore, the key is to list down all your skills, qualifications and achievements. See how they relate to the job you are applying for and pick the right resume length.And while the right length is really down to your job history, you don’t really want to go beyond the two pages. But again, this ‘rule’ has its exceptions as well. If you are a senior-level manager or an executive with a long list of accomplishments or an academic with an extensive list of professional speaking engagements and publications, you can exceed the norm and go for three to four pages. But for most, two pages should be the maximum.In fact, you could use the advice by Dr. Heather Rothbauer-Wanish, who has said:“My general rule of thumb is one page for each 10 years of job history.”Don’t forget about the ATSThe applicant tracking system (ATS) is an important system to know about. It can even influence the debate over one-page and two-page resumes. You see, in the old times when it was just a gro up of hiring managers sorting out the resumes, the one-page resume was advantageous. Two-page resumes simply took quite a bit of time to scan and therefore, it’s easy to see why the focus on one-page resumes began. But nowadays, an algorithm will look at your resume and evaluate whether it is suitable for the role â€" and it doesn’t discriminate based on length. So, if it takes you two-pages to get everything in, you should do it. The computer will likely do the first scan and the hiring manager will receive your exceptional resume later.The ATS might also be unable to recognize small fonts. Don’t try to be clever and get all your information on one page simply by decreasing the font below 10 points. Essentially, this also applies to the hiring manager â€" they don’t want to read something with a magnifying glass. 10.5 points is really at the lower end of the acceptable size. In terms of other formatting issues, the ATS might also have problems with smaller than average bord ers and they definitely can’t read footnotes. Always check the specific formatting instructions before sending a resume to a job portal!The bottom lineThe secret to the length of the resume relies on the relevancy of the information in it. If you need two pages to include all the relevant information, then you write two pages. If it only takes a single page, then that’s better than artificially trying to stuff it up with non-relevant details.The length is not important if the information in the resume is relevant and necessary to enhance your chances of landing the job. Your resume should be just about showing why you are the perfect fit for the job â€" it’s not about how many pages you can type!ARE THERE ANY RULES TO RESUME WRITING?So, it seems the resume length rule is really not a rule about length at all. Length is not a measurement of quality content and content is what your resume is all about. The rule regarding the length is just an illusion.But are all the resume rule s worth breaking? Well, not exactly. There are certain golden rules you can’t start jeopardizing. You can’t do these things no matter how tempting it might seem â€" so while you are free to play around with the length, do not try these tricks on your resume:Slip in a few grammar errorsYour resume must be typo-free. Whether you like to spell words incorrectly consciously or unconsciously, you just shouldn’t do that. The hiring manager will pick up grammar errors and they will immediately make you appear less professional and less detail-oriented.Unfortunately, typos are a too common of a problem. In a Harris Interactive and CareerBuilder.com study 2,000 hiring managers and HR representatives said typos are the most common mistake â€" then again, at least it isn’t quite as outrageous as writing your resume in Klingon.How to ensure you don’t break this golden rule? The first thing is to use a spellchecker (there are even online tools to help with this) and to proofread your r esume a couple of times. Remember to read it a while after you’ve written it, as you often can’t pick up those small mistakes immediately after. It’s also a good idea to have a friend or a family member read it before you send it forward.Make a few liesThe other golden rule you simply can’t ever break is telling the truth. You can’t lie in your resume because even if you think you’ll get away with it, you most likely won’t. The implications of being caught lying don’t just mean you might lose the job â€" word can start going around that you’ve lied. Recruitment agencies might stop using your resume and employers might start talking. You really won’t find a scenario where you come out as the winner if you lie on your resume.If you constantly find yourself thinking your qualifications are not enough for the roles you want to apply, then you need to think how to improve them. And the answer isn’t by lying. Take courses, find roles that don’t require as many skil ls or qualifications to gain experience and learn to use your current skills to your advantage. If you can’t match the job description, then you might be looking at the wrong roles or you don’t know how to leverage your transferable skills. So, don’t despair but take a moment to think what’s going on and how to move forward â€" and do not consider lying as an option.Remember lying isn’t the same as omitting information. You don’t need to include you being fired from a job in your resume. It doesn’t have to reveal you’ve been in jail or that you dropped out. These are details you can omit and only admit to if asked.If you ensure you don’t break those two rules when you are writing your resume, you will be on the right path. The rest of the rules are not really rules at all â€" they are guidelines and tips to help you ensure you focus on the right things in your resume.TO SUMMARIZEThere are only two relevant rules to keep in mind when it comes to writing a resume and the length of your document is not among them.Whether you opt for the one-page resume or the two-page resume depends on your job history and your qualifications â€" if you have plenty of relevant achievements, skills and experiences to share in the resume, then you go for the longer format. If not, there is nothing bad about a short one-page resume as long as the content is relevant and highlights your abilities well.Instead of wasting too much time adding information or cutting it based on some ‘rule’ you think you must follow, focus on making your resume stand out from the crowd with the content. The length is irrelevant if the content is good.

Sports As A Tool For Development Of Social Character...

Over seventy percent of adolescents play sports (Uzoma, 2015). Athletics can be used for the development of social character, values of teamwork, sacrifice, and obedience (Rudd Stoll, 2004). The sports world offers social opportunities for adolescents (Rutten, Schuengel, Dirks, Stams, Biesta, Hoeksma, 2011). Participating in sports as adolescents may help with learning how to respect the community, peers, family, and themselves (Berlin, Dworkin, Eames, Menconi, Perkins, 2007). Sports may affect social character growth and development. The purpose of the paper was to understand how peer interaction, the influences of parents and coaches, and the cognitive choices of the adolescent impact character development. (Bowers, Green, Hemme, †¦show more content†¦Peer interaction can have a direct influence of confidence and motivation. Adolescents can use the lessons they learn as motivation to continue to improve themselves (Nicholas as cited in Hwang et al., 2017). A study was conducted to determine how confidence and setting goals in sports impacted social development through peer interaction. The study observed the potential impact of adolescents watching peers perform. The study found that peers did not directly impact physical improvement, but instead positively impacted cognitive and resilience improvements. These improvements help build their mental state through an understanding of what went wrong and how to fix it for the future (Hwang et al., 2017). Sports may help an adolescent learn conflict resolution and criticism. For example, if the adolescent makes a mistake on the court or field, the peer may give advice on how to fix it. The development of character may come from the adolescent’s willingness to accept the criticism in a positive way. Development can also come from the adolescent’s ability to reciprocate encouraging criticism to a peer. Both ways may be useful in helping adolescent development (Smith, 2002). 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An Analysis Of Hamsun s Hamsun - 1397 Words

In this work, Hamsun introduces the reader to many things, a changing social morals, taking nature to support industrialization, and finding a means to live a life one finds good. All this is viewed though the steady unchanging Isak the central character that the growing community in the book go from thinking it foolish to build so far from town to latter having the honorary title of margrave form the same people. Without Isak the reader would have a harder time seeing how dramatic some of the changes that happen thought the novel really are; Isak is a base line that one can see the changing meaning of comfort and success impact. This paper will go over the social moral changes, devolvement verses nature, and the changing meaning of success and a good life. Isak was always described as something more of nature than others, belonging to the woods like the other animals, not that he did not develop his land no but he did so the same way one can imagine his fore fathers for generations did, mostly alone, with their own strength with what means nature provided around them with. This is however not the only view we see of man and nature while Isak is often tied to the woods and described as not being human, other characters of human interaction, Brede Olsen, Axel Strom, Oline, Geissler, Aronsen, and his own sons Eleseus, and Sivert. While looking at the list of people none stand out who is without fault. The faults though can be put into two camps often those characterized oftenShow MoreRelatedPolicing Systems And International Police Corporation Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesset of institutions, agencies, and process that have been established by the government to control crime and impose penalties on persons violating the laws. Justice s ystems vary across the many jurisdictions in the world; this paper is a critical analysis and comparison of the judicial organization of America against another jurisdiction with an effective legal system. The parameters around which the comparison will be centered constitute factors like substantive and procedural law, judicial reviewRead MorePolicing Systems And International Police Corporation Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesset of institutions, agencies, and process that have been established by the government to control crime and impose penalties on persons violating the laws. Justice systems vary across the many jurisdictions in the world; this paper is a critical analysis and comparison of the judicial organization of America against another jurisdiction with an effective legal system. The parameters around which the comparison will be centered constitute factors like substantive and procedural law, judicial reviewRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 PagesThe philosophy that encompasses the absurd is referred to as  absurdism. While absurdism may be considered a branch of existentialism, it is a specific idea that is not necessary to an existentialist view. * It s easy to highlight the absurdity of the human quest for purpose. It s common to assume that everything must have a purpose, a higher reason for existence. However, if one thing has a higher purpose, what is the reason for that purpose? Each new height must then be validated by a higher

Re-engineering Free Essays

What is the Final Assignment? We will fire enthusiasm for learning – develop understanding of managing thereby change organizations. Preparation for the Final assignment Final Assignment How well positioned are you to complete? – and 1. Have you read the unit plan and are you clear about what you have to do for the final assignment and have you read past examples? 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Re-engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now Have you understood the broad concepts and frameworks Introduced In the unit sufficiently to use them to Investigate your chosen case study? Duty? 4. Have you begun reflecting on yourself as a leader of change and begun to thing bout the areas you would like to develop your capability? 5. Have you explored all the materials available on blackboard – the assignment guide – the weekly notes, the powering slides and some articles to extend your knowledge and understanding of leading and managing change in organizations? 6. Have you reviewed the 33 key issues and thought about how they may be relevant to your case study project? (they follow in this document) 7. Have you reviewed what we have covered in the unit so that you can make sure you have linked your case study to the concepts we have explored? (map of the unit follows in this document). . Have you arranged to have a couple of people read your final report a few days before you hand it in? 9. Have you started to reflect on what you have learned and need to learn for your personal review at the end of the assignment? A model you can follow for your final assignment report: First Take note of the advice given after your presentation and on your mark sheet for assignment 2. Read the advice on blackboard and make sure your plan covers what is asked for in the unit outline specification. Focus on the word count and work out how many words you have for each section. Abstract/intro 400 Lit/method – 300 Findings – 800 Analysis – 600 Conclusion – 300 Concentrate on the details of your data collection and the analysis. Use diagrams and models Do not put in data about the company unless it is critical to the context of the change process. Then†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Take your proposal, poster, powering and presentation script and write the first sections – Abstract/intro 400 – Lit/method – 300. Write an executive summary that includes what you did and how, and what you found. Tell the reader quickly the context of the company change and the purpose, research questions and method of your study – right up front and directly. Be brief on context – put some previous work in the appendix. Only introduce references to literature if they shaped how you approached your study or how you analyses the data – and explain how you used these concepts/ frameworks. Briefly explain what data you collected, from who/where and how with changes and limitations if necessary. Then to the main part†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Say what you collected, use the number and quotes and responses to indicate what the impact of the change was on stakeholders. Group the responses to indicate to the reader the climate at that time and the issues that were arising. Conclude by focusing on the main issues. Do not pass Judgment or interpret at this point – Just present what people have said/indicated. Then†¦. Begin the analysis and interpretation. What does the evidence you have collected say about the management of the change process? Explore these issues. Say why you are focusing on them, link them to issues in the literature if you can and then indicate what options the change process could have taken to improve the impact on stakeholders. Contrast the process with an existing change model if you wish. Then†¦.. Answer your research questions – what can you say from the evidence you have collected? Finally – critique the change rationale, the change processes and change outcomes of your case study, or focus on the area that is most appropriate. What should they have Conclude by repeating the key issues coming from your investigation! Summaries and reinforce the key issues for the reader. Try to end with the key findings from your study. Try to emphasis what it is your study tells us about change management. What is the key learning from your study? Be explicit. Remember to make the final input about your personal development as an appendix – if in groups make sure there is one section on this for each group member – you ay put these personal accounts in the appendix. If you enjoyed the unit tell others! Model of Managing Change in Organizations What were your key issues of learning from the presentations? What have you learned that you did not know 13 weeks ago? . The forces producing change may be socio-cultural, economic, technological, political, legislative or environmental in nature. 2. Change disrupts the markets relations of competitors, suppliers and customers, dislocating the existing product relations. 3. Change can be analyses in terms of speed, impact, control and predictability. 4. Chan ge may be externally driven by social and market needs or internally resource driven to improve the company or change society. 5. Organizations are open systems that have specific characteristics that make them different from each other in structure, culture and systems. . Organizations are mediated by external forces, internal cultural shifts, and by the passage of social time. 7. Change in organizations may be to create capability to drive social change, to react to social change, or to generate fluidity to prepare of future change. 8. Strategy and change management are inextricably linked, each feeding the other. . Organizations can be ‘read’ from their formal systems and from their informal shadow systems to understand their cultural, structural and system rigidity and fluidity. 10. Organizations can be understood from functional, interpretive, discursive and psychic paradigms or perspectives. 12. Effective change management is about the rationale for changing, the direction of the change, and the implementation of that strategy. 13. Organizational change should be framed to drive current company strategy, and to be strategic, by reshaping operational capability and flexibility for future organizational strategies. 14. Mapping stakeholders indicates the risk involved in changing by accounting for the likely impact on different groups. 5. Mapping the organizational force-field reveals the forces for and against change. 16. The force-field indicates the political landscape of allies, resistance and conflict. 17. Mapping the leadership situation indicates the style and capability that is appropriate for the context and for the leader. 18. Change management actions span a continuum between hard and soft responses to meet concrete or messy problems. 19. Change propos als are context dependent and contingent upon the situation, the mime and the people involved. 20. Change management involves working with and politicking with the existing discourses around and within an organization. 21. Change recommendations may include structural, cultural or system change strategies so that organizational form, behaviors and processes, are better aligned with company goals. 22. Structural change may impact upon very different organizational structures such as bureaucracies, project-based, matrix, vertical networks, and virtual organizational forms. 23. Cultural change is about reshaping assumptions, values and behaviors through ramming the language and meaning within an organization, often for a new CEO. 4. Organizational learning produces conversations that build social capital, distribute knowledge and change systems. 25. System change may focus on customers, quality, re-engineering, benchmarking and performance monitoring to restructure the value chains for competitive 26. In knowledge work the mining, acquisition, storage and distribution of ‘lesso ns learned’ becomes critical. 27. Leading change involves collaborative strategy formation and forming detailed communication policies. 28. Change processes must plan specific actions aimed at specific stakeholders. 9. Successful change processes include Joint diagnosis, shared visions, consensus, revitalization, modeling, and the adaptation of structures, systems and policies. 30. Change processes need continual monitoring and adjustment. 31 . Change ‘agents’ can model behaviors, span boundaries and lead enabling technologies to generate productive reflection and changed behaviors within organizations. 32. Managing change processes involves building capability, and improving competencies through workshops, coaching and mentoring. 33. Managing change involves monitoring change performance through benchmarking and balanced scorecards. How to cite Re-engineering, Papers

Red Badge Of Courage (450 words) Essay Example For Students

Red Badge Of Courage (450 words) Essay Red Badge Of CourageThe Red Badge of Courage begins with the Youth (Henry) preparing to leave towar. He has fabulous ideas concocted in his mind about victory and heroism. TheYouth soon finds that victory and heroism are a small part in the splendor ofwar. The Youths mind soon becomes burdened with thoughts of death and runningaway from battle. Sure enough, in the midst of battle, the Youth flees thebattlefield. The Youth must learn to deal with the shame he feels on desertinghis comrades. When he returns to his camp he lies and says that he was separatedduring combat and was shot. The Youth is given another chance to fight and provehe is not a coward. As the book progresses, the Youth learns to deal with hisshame by feeling honored for being a hero. In the end, the Youth becomes a man. He learns that the most important lessons in life can be seen by opening hiseyes. I personally was attracted to the Youth. All his thoughts and wildimagination impressed me. He would describe death as a being that could swallowhim whole, and ramble on about wonderful sunsets. The Youth was also a verytroubled soul. He worried a lot over things he might do and not the things hewould do. For instance, on page 34, he questions others in hope that theiranswers would comfort him. He feels disassociated from others, The Youth,considering himself separated from the others (p29). Page 35 quotes,He was a mental outcast. He lacked self confidence andcontinually tried to measure himself by his comrades. (p22). Despitehis sorrow, the Youth was creative and compared ideas and objects to other ideasand objects. The battle was like the grinding of an immense and terriblemachine. I believe that the Youth brought the book to life through hislife. At times I would find myself thinking, Ive thought tha t too!For example on page 127, the Youth announces that his life should be lived tohis expectations and not everyone elses. I strongly agree with him on thatidea. When the Youth was involved in hard situations, I pondered on what I woulddo and what decisions I would make. To illustrate, on page 80, when the youthran, I decided I would have stayed and fought for my dignity if nothing else. Atthe end of the book, Henry learns how important life truly is and why. Helearned that war deals with death shame, and sorrow, not just victory andfreedom. On page 266, Henry becomes a man. He had been to touch the greatdeath, and found, after all, it was but the great death. Henry lookeddeath in the eyes and fulfilled his dream of becoming a hero. He had earned theRed Badge of Courage.

Alcohol Abuse in the over 65 Population free essay sample

A discussion of the increase of alcohol abuse in the senior population. This paper discusses the problem of an increase of alcohol abuse among the over 65 segment of the population. The problems in identifying alcohol abuse in this group, as well as the consequences of the abuse are presented. The causes of abuse specific to the elderly population are explored. Substance abuse, especially that of alcohol and prescription drugs, is increasingly growing into a serious problem among the population segment of 65 plus citizens. What is of grave concern is the fact that this particular segment of the population is the fastest growing. Census estimates predict that 1994s older adult population of 33 million will more than double to 80 million by 2050. Also consider the fact that several studies have found a clear relationship between early alcohol habits and the development of alcohol abuse later in life. Given that the use of alcohol has been more widespread since the 1960s, it is likely that the future will see a far larger incidence of alcohol abuse among the elderly with the aging of the baby boomers (those born between 1946 and 1964). We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Abuse in the over 65 Population or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Free Essays on Spensers 75th

In Edmund Spenser’s poem, titled Sonnet 75, the author depicts a story of true love, a love that cannot be forgotten no matter how many times the tide rolls over it. In the poem, Spenser uses such literary devices as figurative language, personification, and the almighty symbolism among others. This is a basic sonnet in form starting with a quatrain and then ending in 5 line cinquains. There is a basic ABAB rhyme scheme, that adds a certain level of playfulness to the tone of the poem. The deeper meaning alludes to of course the man's love for a basic, mortal human. I say mortal, because in the poem as this man is talking to this woman (supposedly his love) she claims he is trying to, â€Å"immortalize the mortal†. By saying this, it adds contrast and difficulty to love; therefore making it above all imperfect, as one might suspect. As the poem continues, however, the author shows this man trying to eternize his love. This shows a sign of persistence and overall stubbornness, because again as she said he is trying to â€Å"immortalize the mortal.† The poem makes a reference to spirituality. In lines 4, 13, and 14 the author states something of the heavens and life, which make basic and easy to identify ties to religion. As in line 4 says, â€Å"But came the tide, and mad my pains his prey,† its obvious that his means God. This assumption can be made, as the only others in this poem are himself and his love. Above all, God controls everything, so who else could possibly make a common mans pain his prey? Then in line 13, Spenser makes a reference to the heavens and how he is going to write the name of his love in it. Heavens is of course a Christian belief, giving thought into the afterlife. Finally, in line 14 the author says, â€Å"and later life renew.† Many see this as a statement of the belief and theory of reincarnation, once again, a religious belief. Spenser uses above all personification to allude to both a god and even t... Free Essays on Spenser's 75th Free Essays on Spenser's 75th In Edmund Spenser’s poem, titled Sonnet 75, the author depicts a story of true love, a love that cannot be forgotten no matter how many times the tide rolls over it. In the poem, Spenser uses such literary devices as figurative language, personification, and the almighty symbolism among others. This is a basic sonnet in form starting with a quatrain and then ending in 5 line cinquains. There is a basic ABAB rhyme scheme, that adds a certain level of playfulness to the tone of the poem. The deeper meaning alludes to of course the man's love for a basic, mortal human. I say mortal, because in the poem as this man is talking to this woman (supposedly his love) she claims he is trying to, â€Å"immortalize the mortal†. By saying this, it adds contrast and difficulty to love; therefore making it above all imperfect, as one might suspect. As the poem continues, however, the author shows this man trying to eternize his love. This shows a sign of persistence and overall stubbornness, because again as she said he is trying to â€Å"immortalize the mortal.† The poem makes a reference to spirituality. In lines 4, 13, and 14 the author states something of the heavens and life, which make basic and easy to identify ties to religion. As in line 4 says, â€Å"But came the tide, and mad my pains his prey,† its obvious that his means God. This assumption can be made, as the only others in this poem are himself and his love. Above all, God controls everything, so who else could possibly make a common mans pain his prey? Then in line 13, Spenser makes a reference to the heavens and how he is going to write the name of his love in it. Heavens is of course a Christian belief, giving thought into the afterlife. Finally, in line 14 the author says, â€Å"and later life renew.† Many see this as a statement of the belief and theory of reincarnation, once again, a religious belief. Spenser uses above all personification to allude to both a god and even t...

Beneficial Bacteria As Probiotics For HIV In Breastfeeding Children Essay

Beneficial Bacteria As Probiotics For HIV In Breastfeeding Children - Essay Example The first study reported in the article is by Ruth Connor and fellow workers whose objectives were to isolate the bacteria responsible for inhibition of HIV infectivity and to determine whether this ability (inhibition of HIV) was due to specific structural components of the bacteria such as the cell wall or instead the soluble chemical composition of the bacteria. The results of the study would prove or fail to prove the hypothetical basis that lactic acid bacteria in breast milk are responsible for the observed inhibition of transmission of the virus to the baby. To do this, the researchers tested 38 strains of different lactic acid bacteria present in the breast milk of healthy women against HIV-1. Heat-killed virus particles and soluble compounds were utilized to take care of the second objective. The results showed that all the strains tested had antiviral potential with the lowest inhibiting the virus by 6.7% while the highest inhibition was 55.5%. The heat-killed whole particl es were, however, more effective with 11 strains achieving an inhibition of 41% and above while only 6 strains of the soluble compounds were inhibitory of which only one strain achieved over 41% inhibition levels. The studies were done in vitro and the results confirm that lactic acid bacteria are indeed responsible for breast milk’s antiviral properties. The implication of the study results is the possibility of production of probiotics to augment maternal milk in maximizing inhibition of the virus. Tao's study, on the other hand, highlights the fact that in vitro inhibitions of only 30-50% are with high concentrations of the

CW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

CW - Essay Example ased on the study and research, a through conclusion has been made to give a clear insight into whether the job insecurities in UK are a myth or a fact. The next section will provide a brief overview of the UK employment scene. As seen on the National Statistics website, the country’s unemployment rate for the quarter leading up to June 2010 was reported to be 7.8% which was noted to be down by 0.2% (National Statistics, 2010). The number of unemployed people also fell to 2.46 million during this period. The reports show that there was a fall in the number of people unemployed up to twelve months had fallen by 82000 and this reached a level of 1.66 million. However considering the number of people who were unemployed for a period of twelve months or more, it is clear that the number of people who were unemployed was much higher and this increased by almost 33,000 to reach 796,000. This has been recorded to be the highest figure since March 1997 (National Statistics, 2010). The graph below provides a clear insight into the current trend of the unemployment rate in the country. Over the last two years it has been noticed that the government along with the help of the Bank of England have been able to improve the growth of UK. It is to be noted that the Government has continued to take a lot of efforts to build different programs which would help the country sustain its economic performance and ensure growth of employment within the country. The results have varied. The next section will deal with the job security and insecurity that is faced in the country. With the current recession that has been faced by the country, there has been a major impact on the employment of people across the country. Unemployment rate plays a very important role in the macro economics of a country. The unemployment rate of a country helps macroeconomists analyse the number of people who are a part of the pool of labour however are unable to find work. It has been noted from previous

Hy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for Dysphagia

Hy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for Dysphagia Hy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for the Managment of Post Surgical Dysphagia abstract: Dysphagia is not only a main symptom of the head and neck cancer but also the dangerous complication of the various surgical and other treatment modalities for the same. Though various studies have been done to diagnose this condition but very little is done towards the surgical management of this life threatening condition. through this article the new surgical technique of managing oroesophgeal dysphagia by hyoid suspension. Our technique zygomatico-hyoid suspension is simple and logically effective way of managing dysphagia secondary to the surgical resection of lesion in the patient with head and neck cancer. Though this technique is not tried in large number of patients hence the long term benefits and overall improvement in patients quality of life is yet to be ascertained but still it can be a new direction in the surgical mangament of dysphagia. Introduction Dysphagia is a term derived from the Greek words dys (difficulty) and phagein (to eat)1. It is a symptom that expresses a disorder in the transport of food and endogenous secretions (saliva) through the upper digestive tract. Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a more anatomically restricted term referred to alterations in the transfer of the bolus from the mouth to the esophagus (that means, in bolus propelling from the mouth to the pharynx, in the pharyngeal reconfiguration during the swallow, or in the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter.2 OD is an inescapable concern in the management of patients with oral cancer. Being as a symptom at presentation, as an adverse effect during whatever the treatment, or as sequelae compromising the quality of life of the patients, swallowing disorders have to be adequately anticipated and dealt with. For an outcome to be considered functional, the patient has to be able to swallow in an effective and safe manner. Actually, preserving a functional deglutition is usually the most important goal of the different function-preserving surgical techniques in head and neck cancer surgery. Normal oropharyngeal swallowing: swallowing is mainly divided into three phases: 1) preparatory oral phase ,2) oral phase and the last 3) pharyngeal and oesophageal phase. mechanically ,several closely coordinated actions are involved:(1) elevation and retraction of the soft palate with closure of oropharynx,(2) UES opening, (3) laryngeal closure at the level of the laryngeal vestibule,(4) tongue loading (ramping), (5) tongue pulsion ,and (6) pharyngeal clearance. a fundamental aspect of deglutitive pharyngeal reconfiguration is in transforming the oropharynx from a respiratory to a swallowing pathway by opening the inlet to the esophagus and sealing the inlet to the larynx. Laryngeal vestibule closure and hence airway protection during swallowing is achieved by laryngeal elevation and anterior tilting of the arytenoid cartilages against the base of the epiglottis. UES opening results from anterior traction caused by contraction of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid musculature evident fluoroscopically by anterior hyoid movement. Pathophysiology of dysphagia: Can be divided into two categories: 1) directly due to the resection of the tissues involved in the swallowing i.e.tongue . 2) due to the damage caused by the radiation therapy by following ways: a: decreased pharyngeal peristalsis. b: decresed or defective posterior inversion of the base of the tongue towards the posterior pharyngeal wall. c: decreased elevation of hyoid bone and larynx and decreased inversion of epiglottis. The use of laryngeal suspension as a technique to improve function following surgcial resection of the anterior floor of the mouth was 1st decribed by edgerton and duncan and DesPrez and Kiehn.3,4 later Jabaley and Hoopes simplified the concept of laryngeal suspension after partial or complete resection of hyomandibular complex by means of a heavy chromic catgut suture between the thyroid cartilage and mandibular symphysis on the premise that the main vector of force required to support the larynx is anterior and superior in the midline.5 Goode R.L. also described the similar technique of laryngeal suspension after total laryngectomy by thyroid mandibular suspension and he found that swallowing function was improved significantly with his method of laryngeal suspension.6 Hillel A.D. and Goode R.L. gave lateral laryngeal suspension technique in which the throid cartlage was suspended to the condyle of resected mandible a modification of Goode R.L`s original technique, the advantage of this technique is it causes superior as well as lateral movement movement of larynx which widens the opening of opposite hypopharynx.7 al these techniques have proven that the hyoid suspension does improve swallowing function to some extent but all these techniques are hyomandibular suspension and our techniques is the only technique in which we have used zygomatic bone a support bone through which hyoid is suspended and in our view this technique provieds the most stable and most effective way of displacing hyoid anterio-superiorly resulting in the better swallowing control.in this article we describe our method of hyoid-zygomtic suspension. Material and methods: We perform zygomatico-hyoid suspension in all the patients undergoing total or partial glossectomy with or without mandible resection .the procedure was performed at the mahatma gandhi cnacer institute miraj . Notes on Hyoid-zygomatic Suspension Technique The hyoid suspension in which 24 gauge stainless steel wire was prestreched and using a awl 26cm in length a circumzygomatic to the hyoid bone suspension was carried out by the Key steps were the following. the procedure was performed under genearal anesthesia while doing primary resection of the tumor .patient was placd in anti-trendelenburg position with neck hyperextension. Incision was given in natural skin crease between the hyoid inferior body and the thyroid notch. Median strap muscle dissection between two imaginary parasagittal planes crossing the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone was carried out. Hyoid bone mobilizing test in anterosuperior direction carried out permanent hyoid fixation after having tested the correct position of the thyroid cartilage below the hyoid bone, following fixed steps which are as follows:The zygomatic arch is palpated and puncture wound is performed at the origin of the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.Two pre-streched 24 gauge wires are passe d circumferentially around the hyoid bone in the region where the insertion of the fibrous loop for the intermediate diagastric tendon is present.Later awl is inserted from the arch puncture wound and passed anterior to the masseteric muscle and brought to the hyoid bone body region where the already wire loops are present.The wire is fed into the eye of the awl and later pulled out.This wire is removed from the awls eye and stablised.The awl now is reinserted superficial to the arch brought out from the previous anterior massetric site to the hyoid bone, the other end of wire is fed in the eye and the wire along with the awl is brought out.Traction is given bilaterally and the mobility of the hyoid along with its infrahyoid component is examined.Mandibular movements have to be checked before the wires are twisted and stabilised.Untoward traction is to be avoided in order to avoid hyoid bone fractures.Incision lines are closed in layers. Postoperative Followup Postoperatively all patients tolerated the procedure well, with no intra- or postoperative complications. patients .all patients were kept on nasogatric tube ( NGT ) feeding for minimum 3 weeks postoperative period after which the decision to remove the tube and oral feeding was taken on the basis of patient to patient ability to swallow . No special or additional post-operative care or assessment is required . Discussion The hyoid is a u-shaped bone located in the anterior neck midline, at the centre of three force vectors directed, respectively, towards the mandible, sternum, and mastoid process. It gives insertion to the middle constrictor muscles, which form the lateral wall of the hypopharynx. The suspension of this bone to the Zygomatic bone restores the inferior collapse of the reconstructed floor and lateral mandibular region and improve the tone of the middle constrictor muscles. this technique unlike all the previous technique doesnt take support of the mandible at all hence in cases where in mandible resection is performed along with the tongue or the larynx this technique is probably the only option available to the surgeon to suspend the hyoid bone. Without resuspension, it is speculated that resection of submental lateral mandibular region may lead to inferior and posterior displacement of the hyoid bone. A posterior displacementof the hyoid bone may be implicated in obstruction of the p haryngeal airway which in turn may lead to Dysphagia, or swallowing impairment . The postsurgical alteration in size and position of the hard and soft tissues surrounding the pharyngeal space is also responsible for the airway obstruction. CONCLUSION: Cicumzygomatic hyoid suspension technique is a innovative technique and it is the only technique of hyoid suspension in which instead of mandible the support is taken from zygomatic bone . as in this technique the vector is in same direction but its supporting bone absolutely nonmobile there by giving greater elevation and stable anterior displacement in comparison to the other tehcniques of hyoid suspension. we found that swallowing and infra hyoid functions improvedin our patient thereby QOL improved. This Hyoid suspension technique is effective when short-term results are considered. The necessity of a more valuable anatomic-based diagnostic approach is crucial to guide the patient selection. Long-term follow-ups and randomized prospective trials with case-control series are needed to increase the level of evidence of this surgery.

Comparing the Innocent Criminal in Black Boy, Uncle Toms Children, Nat

The Innocent Criminal in Black Boy, Uncle Tom's Children, Native Son, and The Outsider      Ã‚   "It is probably a mere accident that I never killed," Richard Wright commented offhandedly in an interview with Robert Moss (596).   After reading several of Wright's works, one can easily understand what Wright means by this statement.   In his books Black Boy, Uncle Tom's Children, Native Son, and The Outsider, Wright suggests that white society has transformed black people into criminals.   The source of this claim comes from Wright's personal experiences as a Negro in the Deep South.   Whether pushed to crime from necessity or for personal fulfillment and self-realization, the protagonists of Wright's works are innocent criminals; they know that the ultimate crime for which they are being punished is the crime of being black.   Circumstances created by a racist social order place the characters in intolerable positions that coerce them into villainous activities.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his autobiographical novel, Black Boy, Wright supports this theory using himself as an example.   In the tradition of the slave autobiography, Black Boy provides details of Wright's life from early childhood to his arrival in Chicago.   As Joyce Ann Joyce says, Black Boy:      Ã‚  Ã‚   ...is a realistic and poetic account of the hunger Wright endured as a child, his  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   closeness to his mother, the effect of his mother's illness, his problems with his father, his father's desertion, the violence he experienced from his mother's relatives, his love of words and books, his discovery of racism and his developing racial consciousness, his fight against his mother's and grandmother's religion, his scanty education, ... and the development of his individuality... ...chard Wright.   New York: Harcourt, 1969.   Rpt. in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Richard Wright's Native Son: Modern Critical Interpretations.   New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Moss, Robert F.   "Caged Misery."   Saturday Review.   Jan. 21, 1978, 45-7.   Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 14.   Detroit: Gale, 1980. Skerrett, Joseph T., Jr.   "Composing Bigger: Wright and the Making of Native Son." in Richard Wright's   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Native Son:   Modern Critical Interpretations.   New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Wright, Richard.   Black Boy.   New York: Harper, 1944. _____.   "How Bigger Was Born."   Saturday Review.   June 1, 1940, n.pag.   Rpt. in Native Son.   New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   York: Harper, 1940. _____.   Native Son.   New York: Harper, 1940. _____.   The Outsider.   New York: Harper, 1953. _____.   Uncle Tom's Children.   New York: Harper, 1936.

Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide that contains an unusual peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine (which is attached by normal peptide linkage to a glycine) and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain. It is an antioxidant, preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides. [2] Thiol groups are reducing agents, existing at a concentration of approximately 5 mM in animal cells. Glutathione reduces disulfide bonds formed within cytoplasmic proteins to cysteines by serving as an electron donor. In the process, glutathione is converted to its oxidized form glutathione disulfide (GSSG), also called L(-)-Glutathione. Glutathione is found almost exclusively in its reduced form, since the enzyme that reverts it from its oxidized form, glutathione reductase, is constitutively active and inducible upon oxidative stress. In fact, the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is often used as a measure of cellular toxicity. 3] Glutathione is not an essential nutrient (meaning it does not have to be obtained via food), since it can be synthesized in the body from the amino acids L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid, and glycine. The sulfhydryl (thiol) group (SH) of cysteine serves as a proton donor and is responsible for the biological activity of glutathione. Provision of this amino acid is the rate-limiting factor in glutathione synthesis by the cells, since cysteine is relatively rare in foodstuffs. Furthermore, if released as the free amino acid, cysteine is toxic and spontaneously catabolized in the gastrointestinal tract and blood plasma. [4] Glutathione is synthesized in two adenosine triphosphate-dependent steps: * First, gamma-glutamylcysteine is synthesized from L-glutamate and cysteine via the enzyme gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (a. k. a. glutamate cysteine ligase, GCL). This reaction is the rate-limiting step in glutathione synthesis. citation needed] * Second, glycine is added to the C-terminal of gamma-glutamylcysteine via the enzyme glutathione synthetase. Animal glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a heterodimeric enzyme composed of a catalytic (GCLC) and modulatory (GCLM) subunit. GCLC constitutes all the enzymatic activity, whereas GCLM increases the catalytic efficiency of GCLC. Mice lacking GCLC (i. e. , all de novo GSH synthesis) die before birth. [5] Mice lacking GCLM demonstrate no outward phenotype, but exhibit marked decrease in GSH and increased sensiti vity to toxic insults. 6][7][8] While all cells in the human body are capable of synthesizing glutathione, liver glutathione synthesis has been shown to be essential. Mice with genetically-induced loss of GCLC (i. e. , GSH synthesis) only in the liver die within 1 month of birth. [9] The plant glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a redox-sensitive homodimeric enzyme, conserved in the plant kingdom. [10] In an oxidizing environment, intermolecular disulfide bridges are formed and the enzyme switches to the dimeric active state. The mid-point potential of the critical cysteine pair is -318 mV. In addition to the redox-dependent control is the plant GCL enzyme feedback inhibited by GSH. [11] GCL is exclusively located in plastids, and glutathione synthetase is dual-targeted to plastids and cytosol, thus are GSH and gamma-glutamylcysteine exported from the plastids. [12] Both glutathione biosynthesis enzymes are essential in plants; knock-outs of GCL and GS are lethal to embryo and seedling. [13] The biosynthesis pathway for glutathione is found in some bacteria, like cyanobacteria and proteobacteria, but is missing in many other bacteria. Most eukaryotes synthesize glutathione, including humans, but some do not, such as Leguminosae, Entamoeba, and Giardia. The only archaea that make glutathione are halobacteria. [14][15] [edit] Function Glutathione exists in reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) states. In the reduced state, the thiol group of cysteine is able to donate a reducing equivalent (H++ e-) to other unstable molecules, such as reactive oxygen species. In donating an electron, glutathione itself becomes reactive, but readily reacts with another reactive glutathione to form glutathione isulfide (GSSG). Such a reaction is possible due to the relatively high concentration of glutathione in cells (up to 5 mM in the liver). GSH can be regenerated from GSSG by the enzyme glutathione reductase. In healthy cells and tissue, more than 90% of the total glutathione pool is in the reduced form (GSH) and less than 10% exists in the disulfide form (GSSG). An increased GSSG-to-GSH ratio is considered indicative of oxidative str ess. Glutathione has multiple functions: It is the major endogenous antioxidant produced by the cells, participating directly in the neutralization of free radicals and reactive oxygen compounds, as well as maintaining exogenous antioxidants such as vitamins C and E in their reduced (active) forms. [16][citation needed] * Regulation of the nitric oxide cycle, which is critical for life but can be problematic if unregulated [17] * Through direct conjugation, it detoxifies many xenobiotics (foreign compounds) and carcinogens, both organic and inorganic. This includes heavy metals such as mercury, lead, and arsenic. [citation needed] * It is essential for the immune system to exert its full potential, e. g. , (1) modulating antigen presentation to lymphocytes, thereby influencing cytokine production and type of response (cellular or humoral) that develops, (2) enhancing proliferation of lymphocytes, thereby increasing magnitude of response, (3) enhancing killing activity of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, and (4) regulating apoptosis, thereby maintaining control of the immune response. citation needed] * It plays a fundamental role in numerous metabolic and biochemical reactions such as DNA synthesis and repair, protein synthesis, prostaglandin synthesis, amino acid transport, and enzyme activation. Thus, every system in the body can be affected by the state of the glutathione system, especially the immune system, the nervous system, the gastrointestinal system and the lungs. [4] Function in animals GSH is known as a substrate in both conjugation reactions and reduction reactions, catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase enzymes in cytosol, microsomes, and mitochondria. However, it is also capable of participating in non-enzymatic conjugation with some chemicals. In the case of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the reactive cytochrome P450-reactive metabolite formed by paracetamol (or acetaminophen as it is known in the US), that becomes toxic when GSH is depleted by an overdose of acetaminophen, Glutathione is an essential antidote to overdose. Glutathione conjugates to NAPQI and helps to detoxify it. In this capacity, it protects cellular protein thiol groups, which would otherwise become covalently modified; when all GSH has been spent, NAPQI begins to react with the cellular proteins, killing the cells in the process. The preferred treatment for an overdose of this painkiller is the administration (usually in atomized form) of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (often as a trademarked preparation called Mucomyst ® [1]), which is processed by cells to L-cysteine and used in the de novo synthesis of GSH. Glutathione (GSH) participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4. 4. 1. ) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-D-lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3. 1. 2. 6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione to glutathione and D-lactic acid. Glutathione has recently been used as an inhibitor of melanin in the cosmetics industry. In countries like Japan and the Philippines, this product is sold as a whitening soap. Glutathione competitively inhibits melanin synthesis in the reaction of tyrosinase and L-DOPA by interrupting L-DO PA's ability to bind to tyrosinase during melanin synthesis. The inhibition of melanin synthesis was reversed by increasing the concentration of L-DOPA, but not by increasing tyrosinase. Although the synthesized melanin was aggregated within 1 h, the aggregation was inhibited by the addition of glutathione. These results indicate that glutathione inhibits the synthesis and agglutination of melanin by interrupting the function of L-DOPA. â€Å"[18] Function in plants In plants, glutathione is crucial for biotic and abiotic stress management. It is a pivotal component of the glutathione-ascorbate cycle, a system that reduces poisonous hydrogen peroxide. 19] It is the precursor of phytochelatins, glutathione oligomeres that chelate heavy metals such as cadmium. [20] Glutathione is required for efficient defence against plant pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae and Phytophthora brassicae. [21] APS reductase, an enzyme of the sulfur assimilation pathway uses glutathione as electron donor. Other enzymes using glutathione as substrate are glutare doxin, these small oxidoreductases are involved in flower development, salicylic acid and plant defence signalling. [22] [edit] Supplementation Raising GSH levels through direct supplementation of glutathione is difficult. Research suggests that glutathione taken orally is not well absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract. In a study of acute oral administration of a very large dose (3 grams) of oral glutathione, Witschi and coworkers found â€Å"it is not possible to increase circulating glutathione to a clinically beneficial extent by the oral administration of a single dose of 3 g of glutathione. â€Å"[23][24] Vitamin D increases glutathione levels in the brain and appears to be a catalyst for glutathione production. 25] The amount of activated vitamin D in the brain is tied to how much vitamin D3 one has, either ingested through supplements or created in the skin via sun exposure. This suggests taking vitamin D3 supplements and/or getting adequate sun exposure boosts glutathione production. In addition, plasma and liver GSH concentrations can be raised by administration of certain supplements that serve as GSH precu rsors. N-acetylcysteine, commonly referred to as NAC, is the most bioavailable precursor of glutathione. 26] Other supplements, including S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe)[27][28][29] and whey protein[30][31][32][33][34][35] have also been shown to increase glutathione content within the cell. NAC is available both as a drug and as a generic supplement. Alpha lipoic acid has also been shown to restore intracellular glutathione. [36][37] Melatonin has been shown to stimulate a related enzyme, glutathione peroxidase,[38] and silymarin, an extract of the seeds of the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum) has also demonstrated an ability to replenish glutathione levels. [39][40] Glutathione is a tightly regulated intracellular constituent, and is limited in its production by negative feedback inhibition of its own synthesis through the enzyme gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, thus greatly minimizing any possibility of over dosage. Glutathione augmentation using precursors of glutathione synthesis or intravenous glutathione is a strategy developed to address states of glutathione deficiency, high oxidative stress, immune deficiency, and xenobiotic overload in which glutathione plays a part in the detoxification of the xenobiotic in question (especially through the hepatic route). Glutathione deficiency states include, but are not limited to, HIV/AIDS, chemical and infectious hepatitis, myalgic encephalomyelitis chronic fatigue syndrome ME / CFS,[41][42][43] prostate and other cancers, cataracts, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, radiation poisoning, malnutritive states, arduous physical stress, and aging, and has been associated with suboptimal immune response. Many clinical pathologies are associated with oxidative stress and are elaborated upon in numerous medical references. [4][44][45] Low glutathione is also strongly implicated in wasting and negative nitrogen balance,[46] as seen in cancer, AIDS, sepsis, trauma, burns and even athletic overtraining. Glutathione supplementation can oppose this process, and in AIDS, for example, result in improved survival rates. [47] However, studies in many of these conditions have not been able to differentiate between low glutathione as a result of acutely (as in septic patients) or chronically (as in HIV) increased oxidative stress, and increased pathology as a result of preexisting deficiencies. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are associated with lowered glutathione. Accruing data suggest that oxidative stress may be a factor underlying the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). Glutathione (GSH) is the major free radical scavenger in the brain. [48] Diminished GSH levels elevate cellular vulnerability towards oxidative stress; characterized by accumulating reactive oxygen species. Replenishment of glutathione using N-acetyl cysteine has been shown to reduce symptoms of both disorders. citation needed] Cancer Preliminary results indicate glutathione changes the level of reactive oxygen species in isolated cells grown in a laboratory,[49][50] which may reduce cancer development. [51] [52] None of these tests were performed in humans. However, once a cancer has already developed, by conferring resistance to a number of chemotherapeutic drugs, elevated levels of glutathione in tumor cells are able to protect cancer ous cells in bone marrow, breast, colon, larynx, and lung cancers. 53] [edit] Pathology Excess glutamate at synapses, which may be released in conditions such as traumatic brain injury, can prevent the uptake of cysteine, a necessary building-block of glutathione. Without the protection from oxidative injury afforded by glutathione, cells may be damaged or killed. [54] Methods to determine glutathione Reduced glutathione may be visualized using Ellman's reagent or bimane derivates such as monobromobimane. The monobromobimane method is more sensitive. In this procedure, cells are lysed and thiols extracted using a HCl buffer. The thiols are then reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT) and labelled by monobromobimane. Monobromobimane becomes fluorescent after binding to GSH. The thiols are then separated by HPLC and the fluorescence quantified with a fluorescence detector. Bimane may also be used to quantify glutathione in vivo. The quantification is done by confocal laser scanning microscopy after application of the dye to living cells. 55] Another approach, which allows to measure the glutathione redox potential at a high spatial and temporal resolution in living cells is based on redox imaging using the redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP)[56] or redox sensitive yellow fluorescent protein. . When we speak of glutathione, what will really come to mind is that glutathione which most Filipino thought of as a whitening agent. It comes in soaps and any other beauty products which hopefully will make one whiter and fairer when used. But what we really don’t know is that glutathione is found in each of three trillion cells in our body. It is the most powerful an antioxidant which we cannot find in a fruit or in a berry a common but it is found in our body. In fact its absence will make one die. In my first blog I ‘ve told you about the glutathione story. Now I’m going to tell you what glutathione really is and its role to our over all well being. So what is glutathione really: Glutathione is a tripeptide, What is glutathione?

A Researcher Skilled In Reading, Evaluating, Conducting and Reporting Research Free Essay Example, 3250 words

The abstract briefly describes what the researchers did and the results of the study. The abstract gives a better understanding of what has been done which gives the reader an understanding of the relevance of the study. The introduction gives an outline of the problem or issue being studied, summarizes any existing research that was done before the current study, gives the research question and/or the objectives and the hypotheses. The method section describes techniques that were used to conduct the study. In this section, the reader will find information on the design, sample, environment that was used and the data collection method and the analysis of the research. The qualitative method provides information about the experiences that people have in many situations. In healthcare, this research can show how patients feel and it can provide information about other cultures, genders, and on special populations like immigrants or those with a specific disease like HIV/AIDS (Davies and Logan, 2008). Qualitative research is the area in which most survey research will be defined although there are times when it can be used in quantitative research. We will write a custom essay sample on A Researcher Skilled In Reading, Evaluating, Conducting and Reporting Research or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page